La adolescencia en contexto: Representaciones Sociales en adolescentes de Medellín y Armenia, Colombia / Adolescence in a context: social representations in adolescents from Medellín and Armenia (Colombia)

Resumen Objetivo: Comprender las representaciones sociales de adolescencia en adultos y adolescentes de las ciudades de Medellín y Armenia. Método: Investigación cualitativa desde el enfoque procesual de la teoría de las representaciones sociales. La investigación se llevó a cabo en dos momentos: uno exploratorio y otro de profundización. Se realizó una evocación libre de palabras para identificar el núcleo central y los sistemas periféricos de la representación; a partir de esto, se realizaron grupos focales y entrevistas semiestructuradas que permitieron ampliar el horizonte de significado de la representación e identificar los procesos de objetivación y anclaje. En la investigación participaron 298 adolescentes habitantes de Medellín y Armenia. Resultados: El núcleo central para Armenia está constituido por la palabra "etapa", mientras que, en Medellín, se encuentra la "responsabilidad". Aunque en lo nuclear la representación en ambas ciudades comparte múltiples elementos, hay una diferencia fundamental respecto a la perspectiva de futuro, pues mientras para los adolescentes de Medellín es posible proyectar la vida en la adultez, para los adolescentes de Armenia prima el tiempo presente y no hay una delimitación del fin de la adolescencia. Conclusiones: La representación social de la adolescencia se ordena en torno a la idea de transición acompañada por diversos cambios; en este proceso, la reconfiguración de la relación con la familia y los amigos resulta fundamental. La experiencia de la adolescencia no es universal, pues el estrato socioeconómico, el nivel económico de la ciudad en que se vive y las posibilidades de desarrollo que ofrece, da un carácter diferencial al modo en que es significada y vivida.

Abstract Propose: Figure out social representations during adolescence in adults and teenagers from Medellín and Armenia (Colombia, South America). Method: A qualitative research study was conducted based on a theory of social representations. This research study was developed in two stages: an exploratory stage and the other, a deepening stage. In the exploratory stage, free evocation of words in order to identify a core and peripheral elements of social representations were produced. In the second stage, focus groups and semi-structured interviews to allow an expansion of meanings and to identify objectification and setting processes. The research involved 298 adolescents from Medellín and Armenia. Results: The core social representation for Armenia, is suggested by the word "stage", while, in Medellín, is "responsibility". Although, taking into account that there are many shared elements in relation with core social representations corresponding to each city, there is a fundamental difference related to a future perspective; this is because while for adolescents in Medellín is possible to project life into adulthood, for teenagers from Armenia present time prevails and there is no delimitation for the end of adolescence. Conclusions: Social representations related to adolescence is organized around the idea of transition with multiple changes. In this process, the relationship with family and friends become fundamental. The experience of adolescence is not considered universal; it is because the adolescent's socioeconomic status, economic level of a city where those adolescents live and also, the possibilities for development offered in a specific context, give a differential character to the way adolescence is represented and experienced.

A eficácia de protocolos de intervenção com abordagem familiar para tratamento do adolescente usuário de drogas: revisão sistemática / La eficacia de los protocolos de intervención con enfoque familiar para el tratamiento de los adolescentes consumidores de drogas: una revisión sistemática / The efficacy of family oriented intervention protocols on drug addiction treatment in teenageis: a systematic review

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo tratar sobre a eficácia de protocolos de tratamento de adolescentes usuários de drogas focados na abordagem familiar. Método: A partir da revisão sistemática da literatura, compilou-se estudos presentes nas bases de dados dos indexadores PsycInfo, Pubmed, Cochrane Central Registrer of Controlled Trials e Scopus. Os artigos recuperados pelas palavras-chave foram primeiramente selecionados através da leitura do abstract e naqueles que permaneceram, aplicaram-se os critérios de exclusão. Resultados: Seis modalidades de tratamento foram selecionadas no processo final. Os achados dos estudos apontam a superioridade dos tratamentos de adolescentes usuários de drogas que contemplam a intervenção junto a familiares, em comparação com outras modalidades de tratamento cujo foco era somente o adolescente. Considerações finais: Esta revisão mostrou uma evidência científica de maior eficácia para as abordagens familiares no tratamento do adolescente usuário de drogas, colaborando para reflexões na área.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar la eficacia de los protocolos en los tratamientos para adolescentes consumidores de drogas que se centraron en el enfoque familiar. Los estudios fueron identificados en las bases de datos PsycInfo, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials y Scopus. Los artículos recuperados por palabras clave se seleccionaron leyendo primero el resumen y a los que se escogieron se les aplicaron los criterios de exclusión. En el proceso se identificaron seis modalidades de tratamiento. Los resultados de los estudios muestran la superioridad de los tratamientos de los adolescentes consumidores de drogas que consideran el enfoque familiar, en comparación con otras modalidades de tratamiento cuyo objetivo era sólo el adolescente. Esta revisión mostró evidencia de una mayor eficacia de los enfoques de la familia en el tratamiento de adolescentes consumidores de drogas, lo que contribuye a una reflexión en el área.

Abstract This purpose was to review the efficacy of family-centered drug addiction treatment protocols in teenagers. Method: studies were harvested from PsycInfo, Pubmed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Scopus according to key words first, then refined by reading the abstract, and then the exclusion criteria were applied to the remaining ones. Results: six treatment modalities were selected for review. Findings suggest that family-based treatments were superior to other treatment modalities that focused just on the teenager. Final considerations: This review showed scientific evidence of greater effectiveness for family approaches in the treatment of teenage drug users, contributing to reflections in the area.

Satisfacción sexual y actitudes hacia el uso del preservativo en adolescentes: evaluación y análisis de su relación con el uso del preservativo / Sexual satisfaction and attitudes towards the use of condoms in adolescents: Evaluation and analysis on their relationship with condom use

La satisfacción sexual y las actitudes positivas hacia el uso del preservativo favorecen el uso del mismo. El objetivo general de este estudio es la evaluación y análisis de la relación entre la satisfacción sexual, las actitudes hacia el uso del preservativo y el uso del preservativo en adolescentes. Los participantes son 1504 adolescentes españoles escolarizados de ambos sexos (48.40% varones, 51.60% mujeres). Se trata de un estudio descriptivo de poblaciones mediante encuestas con muestras probabilísticas, de tipo transversal. En varones, una mayor actitud positiva hacia el uso del preservativo predice una mayor probabilidad de uso del mismo en la primera relación sexual vaginal y anal. La satisfacción sexual de la pareja predice una mayor probabilidad de uso del preservativo en la primera relación sexual oral, y la satisfacción sexual sobre la sintonía de la pareja se asocia con una menor probabilidad de uso del preservativo en la primera relación sexual oral. En mujeres, una mayor satisfacción sexual personal predice una mayor probabilidad de no haber utilizado el preservativo en la primera relación sexual vaginal. Además, en las mujeres, una mayor satisfacción sexual sobre la sintonía de la pareja incrementa las probabilidades de haber utilizado el preservativo en el debut sexual vaginal. Los porcentajes de varianza explicada son bajos. Se recomienda que en futuros estudios se analicen factores socioculturales relacionados con los roles de género que pudieran estar influyendo en las asociaciones entre la satisfacción sexual, las actitudes hacia el uso del preservativo y el riesgo sexual en adolescentes.

Sexual satisfaction and positive attitudes toward condom use promote its use. The main aim of this paper is to assess and analyze the relationship between sexual satisfaction, attitudes toward condom use, and condom use amongst adolescents. The participants were 1504 Spanish school adolescents of both sexes (48.40% male, 51.60% female). A descriptive study was conducted using cross-sectional surveys with probabilistic samples. An increased positive attitude towards condom use in males predicts higher likelihood of condom use in the first vaginal and anal intercourse. Partner sexual satisfaction predicts an increased likelihood of condom use in the first oral sexual intercourse. In addition, sexual satisfaction related to harmony with the partner is associated with a lower likelihood of condom use in the first oral sexual relationship. In females, greater personal sexual satisfaction predicts higher likelihood of not having used a condom in the first vaginal intercourse. Furthermore, higher sexual satisfaction in females - related to harmony with the partner - increased the likelihood of having used a condom during the first vaginal intercourse. The percentages of explained variance are low. It is recommended that future studies analyze sociocultural factors related to gender roles that may be influencing the associations between sexual satisfaction, attitudes toward condom use, and sexual risk amongst adolescents.

Relações familiares e violência em adolescentes em situação de rua / Family relations and violence with adolescents in street situation

Este estudo investigou a concepção de adolescentes em situação de rua acerca de suas relações familiares. A dinâmica familiar desse grupo de adolescentes está frequentemente permeada por contextos que envolvem violência, a qual muitas vezes determina a saída dos filhos de casa, buscando novos espaços e possibilidades. A vulnerabilidade no cotidiano familiar e suas transformações têm-se colocado como um importante aspecto a ser trabalhado na compreensão dos vínculos entre pais e filhos, principalmente na adolescência, momento em que muitos deles passam a vivenciar a rua como alívio diante das tensões experienciadas no contexto familiar. Participaram do estudo adolescentes de ambos os sexos com idades entre 12 e 18 anos, integrantes de duas escolas abertas, com os quais foram realizadas entrevistas e grupos focais examinados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Observou-se a existência de uma vivência de situações violentas nas relações intra familiares, as quais constituem uma situação de fragilidade e desamparo conduzindo muitas vezes a saída do adolescente para a rua. Os adolescentes identificaram a mãe como uma pessoa central e importante em suas vidas e o pai aparece como uma pessoa distante, para alguns não conhecido e frequentemente violento. Identificou-se a presença de álcool e drogas no interior da família e a relação entre seu uso e a violência.

This study investigated the conception of adolescents in street situation about their family relationships. The family dynamics of such adolescent group is often permeated by contexts that involve violence, which determines the children leaving their homes, searching for new spaces and possibilities. Vulnerability in the family routine and its transformations has become an important aspect to be considered concerning the comprehension of bonds between parents and children, mainly in adolescence, that is a moment in which many of them search for relief to tensions experienced in the family context on the street. Adolescents of both sexes, aged 12 to 18 years old, who attend to two open schools, participated on the study. Such participants were assessed through interviews and focal groups and data were analyzed through content analysis. Experiences of violent situations in intra-family relationships were observed. Such experiences constitute a situation of fragility and help lessness that sometimes leads the adolescents to the streets. Adolescents identified their mothers as a central and important person in their lives and their father sare described as a distant, unknown and frequently violent person to many of them. Presence of alcohol and drugs was identified in the family, as well as the relation between its use and violence.